MODULE 1
PLANTATION AND ADAPTATION OF A TREE
Tree plantation is the process of transferring of seedlings from one place to another for different purposes. Further more, there are various reason behind tree plantation but the most important are forestry, land reclamation, and landscaping . Each process of tree plantation is important and unique in its own way.
They provide us oxygen, filter Carbon dioxide prevent soil erosion , maintain the ecological balance and many more. Also they provide us food, shelter and many useful things.
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY METHOD OF TREE PLANTATION
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The most common and known purpose of tree plantation in forestry . The forest is very important maintaining the ecological balance of the environment of the earth. Also , earlier the forest use to cover a major part of the surface of the earth . But now due to the rapid cut down of forest due to industries , and land for settlement the number of forests are reduced
A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. The crops that are grown include cotton, cannabis, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees and forest trees. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located.
The environmental factors affecting trees are climate, soils, topography, and biota. Each species of tree adapts to these factors in an integrated way—that is, by evolving specific subpopulations adapted to the constraints of their particular environments. As discussed above, the major factor is the decrease in temperature with increasing elevation or extremes in latitude. Each subpopulation adapts to this by modifying the optimum temperature at which the all-important process of photosynthesis takes place.
Many tree species that survive in unfavorable habitats actually grow better in more-favorable habitats if competition is eliminated. Such trees have a low threshold for competition but are very tolerant of extremes. For example, the black spruce (Plicae Mariana) is found in bogs and mountaintops in the northeastern United States but cannot compete well with other trees, such as red spruce (P. Rubens), on better sites. Consequently, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the northeastern United States, red spruce is found at the base of the mountains and black spruce at the top, with some development of subspecies populations (hybridization) at intermediate elevations.
Competition within a species (and in some cases genus) is often most intense because the individuals compete for the same environmental resources. Since trees are unable to move in search of resources, competition for available space and resources can be important. Competition aboveground centres on light, space, and symbionts (largely pollinators), while that below ground is over water, space, nutrients, and symbionts (microorganisms such as mycorrhizae and nitrogen-fixers).
A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. The crops that are grown include cotton, cannabis, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees and forest trees. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located.
The environmental factors affecting trees are climate, soils, topography, and biota. Each species of tree adapts to these factors in an integrated way—that is, by evolving specific subpopulations adapted to the constraints of their particular environments. As discussed above, the major factor is the decrease in temperature with increasing elevation or extremes in latitude. Each subpopulation adapts to this by modifying the optimum temperature at which the all-important process of photosynthesis takes place.
Many tree species that survive in unfavorable habitats actually grow better in more-favorable habitats if competition is eliminated. Such trees have a low threshold for competition but are very tolerant of extremes. For example, the black spruce (Plicae Mariana) is found in bogs and mountaintops in the northeastern United States but cannot compete well with other trees, such as red spruce (P. Rubens), on better sites. Consequently, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the northeastern United States, red spruce is found at the base of the mountains and black spruce at the top, with some development of subspecies populations (hybridization) at intermediate elevations.
Competition within a species (and in some cases genus) is often most intense because the individuals compete for the same environmental resources. Since trees are unable to move in search of resources, competition for available space and resources can be important. Competition aboveground centres on light, space, and symbionts (largely pollinators), while that below ground is over water, space, nutrients, and symbionts (microorganisms such as mycorrhizae and nitrogen-fixers).
Tree adapted :
NAME : Mangifera Indica
Origin : Myanmar and Assam state of India.
Uses : Various parts of plant are used as a dentifrice, antiseptic, astringent , diaphoretic , stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, laxative and diuretic and to treat diarrhea, dysentery, anemia, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hypertension, insomnia, rheumatism, toothache, leucorrhea, hemorrhage and piles.
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